A light-emitting device, including a compound semiconductor layer disposed on a substrate, includes a light-emitting layer, and a dielectric constant change structure formed in a part of the compound semiconductor layer including a main surface as a light extraction surface of the compound semiconductor layer. The dielectric constant change structure is devoid of revolution symmetry provided by randomly changing a periodicity of a dielectric constant in a two-dimensional lattice pattern, with respect to a photonic crystal structure in which more than two kinds of materials having different dielectric constants are periodically and alternately disposed on the main surface in the two-dimensional lattice pattern.