The invention discloses a formwork structure of a concrete floor-type arch, and an installation method thereof. The formwork structure comprises an arch-shaped internal framework formed by a plurality of corrugated type steel carrying plates (4) which are axially extended along the arch and abreast installed on a load bearing frame (3) along the span direction of the arch, and an arch-shaped external framework which is supported by limit steel plates (6) on a plurality of opposite pull screw rods (7) and formed by screw caps (8) screwed at the upper ends of the opposite pull screw rods (7) and a plurality of external frameworks (5) tightly pressed via a supporting frame; a plurality of steel connecting plates (14) are welded with the upper surface of each corrugated type steel carrying plate (4) on the ground in advance, and the lower end of each opposite pull screw rod (7) is respectively welded with a steel connecting plate (14) on the spot. By adopting the formwork structure and the installation method thereof, the construction process can be simplified, the construction quantity can be reduced, the construction quality can be guaranteed, the material consumption can be reduced, and the construction efficiency can be improved; and the bottom surface of the internal framework is artistic.