The invention discloses a high-speed data transfer board used for geophysical exploration, wherein, a data interface module is connected with an upper level transfer board and a lower level transfer board which are used for receiving and balancing upstream data from a back level transfer board and sending the upstream data to a deserializing module or carrying out preemphasis on sending voltage of the upstream data; the deserializing module and the data interface module are connected to deserialize the upstream data from the back level transfer board, then the converted serial upstream data is sent to a field programmable logic device or the upstream data sent to the up level transfer board is deserialized and then sent to the data interface module; the field programmable logic device and the deserializing module are connected to process and store the upstream data, and the processed upstream data is sent to the deserializing module. The invention can improve the collection capacity of seismic data and the reliability and stability of seismic data collection with long cable and high density.