The invention discloses a large aluminum reduction cell lining structure. Silicon nitride bonded silicon carbide bricks and special heat conductive blocks are built around an upper part of a cell lining and form composite side blocks. The inside of the cell lining is provided with a cathode carbon block. A longitudinal end of the cathode carbon block is poured with a high-strength castable material layer. An expansion joint layer and a ceramic filled layer are built between the high-strength castable material layer and a shell of a reduction cell. A lateral face of a transverse end of the cathode carbon block is poured with a light heat-preservation material layer. A firebrick leveling layer is arranged between the high-strength castable material layer and the light heat-preservation material layer and the composite side blocks. Spaces between the cathode carbon block, the firebrick leveling layer, and the composite side blocks are rammed by carbon paste. With increase of the capacity and anodic current density of the aluminum reduction cell, the structure has a good ridge and improves lateral heat radiation.