The invention relates to a cyclone dust collector with adjustable air volume, belonging to the technical field of smoke gas dust collection devices. The cyclone dust collector comprises a dust collection box body, a group of cyclones and at least one set of device for adjusting the air volume of each cyclone, wherein the interior of the dust collection box body is divided into an air inlet cavity, an air return cavity and a lower box cavity by an upper support and a lower support, an air inlet interface and an air return interface are formed on the lateral part of the dust collection box body, the air inlet interface is communicated with the air inlet cavity, the air return interface is communicated with the air return cavity, and the bottom of the dust collection box body is extended to form a duct discharge hopper; each cyclone comprises a turboseparator, a gate apparatus and an air guide pipe; and the device for adjusting the air volume of each cyclone comprises coffers used for enclosing and isolating each cyclone, an opening and closing cover, a guide rod and a driving mechanism for the opening and closing cover. The cyclone dust collector has the advantages of simplified structure, reduced integral volume of the dust collection box body of the cyclone dust collector and convenient installation, is in favor of the protection of the opening and closing cover, and exemplifies energy saving.