The invention relates to a qualitative analysis method of main components of a poly-alpha-olefin drag reduction agent and relates to the technical fields of the component qualitative analysis of macromolecular compounds and a pipeline system. The qualitative analysis method comprises the following steps: adopting apolar solvent to prepare the poly-alpha-olefin drag reduction agent into a macromolecular solution; then, extracting main high polymer components from the drag reduction agent by polar solvent; cleaning by volatile solvent to remove dissolvable additives; and finally, applying a pyrolysis gas chromatograph mass spectrum to the qualitative analysis of the extracted main polymer components. The invention has simple operation, strong practicability, no complicated and time-consuming parts in the whole operating process, and no technical difficult requirement in the operating process, and can achieve the requirement for rapid analysis, obtain accurate results and judge the main polymer components of the drag reduction agent product only if the analyzed poly-alpha-olefin characteristic pyrolysis products are obtained.