The invention discloses a uniform channel decomposition method for a vertical layered space-time coding communication system which mainly solves the problem that the traditional uniform channel decomposition method is greatly influenced by channel errors. The decomposition method is as follows: (1) a transmitting terminal carries out singular value decomposition on an obtained channel matrix with errors; (2) the transmitting terminal and a receiving terminal respectively build an augmented matrix J by utilizing a unitary matrix decomposed by the singular value; (3) the transmitting terminal and the receiving terminal respectively carry out geometric mean decomposition on the augmented matrix J; (4) the transmitting terminal designs a pretreatment matrix F according to a diagonal matrix obtained according to the singular value decomposition and a unitary matrix PJ, and the pretreatment matrix pretreats transmitting signals; (5) the receiving end obtains column vectors of an after-treatment matrix W according to results decomposed the geometric mean; (6) the receiving end decodes vectors y of the receiving signals by adopting a successive interference cancellation method. The method has the advantages of low bit error rate and high system volume and is used for the design of a transceiver of a multi-input multi-output communication system.