The invention relates to a system for a cascade cyclotron and a dual-cooling storage ring, which comprises an ion source (500) and a cooling storage ring (300) with a symmetric magnetic focusing structure, wherein the injection end of the cooling storage ring (300) with the symmetric magnetic focusing structure is connected with a sector-focusing cyclotron (100) or/and a separated sector-focusing cyclotron (200) through a first ion beam transport line (600); and the leading-out end of the cooling storage ring (300) with the symmetric magnetic focusing structure is connected with a cooling storage ring (400) with an asymmetric magnetic focusing structure through a second ion beam transport line (700). The system uses the cascade combination of one or more cyclotrons and a synchrotron storage ring which is used for improving the quality of ion beam currents and is provided with an ion cooling technical device and simultaneously uses the cooling storage ring of the ion cooling technical device, meets high-precision nuclear physics experiments and atomic physics experiments effectively, and can be applied to application research projects such as material radiation, proton-heavy ion cancer treatment and the like.