The invention discloses a composite guided wave structure formed by directly efficiently coupling metal nano lines, a nano optical fiber and an optical nano line. The nano optical fiber can be directly coupled with the metal nano lines, and the surface plasma resonance signals of the metal nano lines are excitated or collected by the near-field interaction of a subwavelength dimension. The metal nano lines can also be parallel to the optical nano line firstly by micro-nano operation or the metal nano lines contact with the optical nano line at a certain angle to form coupling, and then the tapered nano optical fiber is coupled with the nano lines. The composite guided wave mode has very high coupling efficiency and simple structure, the output light of the nano lines has very good polarization property, the coupling efficiency can be controlled by regulating the overlapping length of the nano lines of a coupling area or an angle between the nano lines, the simultaneous coupling and excitation of one optical nano line to a plurality of metal nano lines can be realized, a coupler, a beam splitter, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and an annular resonant cavity component which have a composite structure can be realized, and the composite guided wave mode can be compatible to the traditional optical fiber system.