The invention discloses a high-efficient water-based well drilling fluid with fast absorption, strong inhibition and low damage, which comprises the following components: 100 parts of seawater or fresh water, 2-5 parts of inorganic salt, 0.2-0.8 part of coating inhibitor, 1.5-3.5 parts of fluid loss additive, 2-4 parts of strong inhibitor, 2-4 parts of lubricant, 0.1-0.5 part of shear strength improving agent and 30-150 parts of weighting agent. The well drilling fluid has strong inhibition and has good rheological property and stable system performance during the whole well drilling process,even a large quantity of highly easily hydrated and dispersed cuttings exist for invasion of sewage, the viscosity of the well drilling fluid is basically controlled to be about 50s.