The invention discloses a method for two-dimensional recognition of paleo-oil layers and neo-oil layers by using petroleum inclusions and oily asphalt. The method comprises that the GOIt values or FOIt values of the known oil layer cores and the known water layer cores or rock debris samples and the effective oily asphalt content values are projected in a double logarithmic coordinate chart or an arithmetic coordinate chart, the corresponding data of the sample of a layer section to be recognized is projected in the same double logarithmic coordinate chart or the same arithmetic coordinate chart, and according to the distribution of known oil layers and water layers, a two-dimensional index space is divided into four zones, i.e. a zone of oil layers plus main migration pathways (neo-oil layers), a zone of oil layers plus non main migration pathways (neo-oil layers), a zone of water layers plus main migration pathways (paleo-oil layers) and a zone of water layers plus non main migration pathways (paleo-oil layers), to accordingly and directly recognize whether a single-well section is on the neo-oil layer, the paleo-oil layer, the water layer, the non pathway or the combination thereof. By adopting the method, the distribution rules of petroleum are effectively obtained, so the exploration efficiency and the success rate are improved and good effects are obtained.