The invention relates to a cucurbituril subject-object based chemical nano structure membrane. Chitosan solution is adopted to modify substrate, mutual action of cucurbituril and chitosan and hydrophobic effect of cucurbituril are utilized to fix dye molecule on the surface of the modified substrate, thus obtaining the nano structure membrane. The nano structure membrane of the invention has highselectivity and high sensitivity on nitro-containing explosive molecule, and preparation method is simple, cost is low, and the nano structure membrane is easy to be processed into device. The invention can be used for detecting trace of nitro-containing explosives including TNT, DNT, PETN, HMX and RDX and provides technical support for national security detection.