The invention provides a method for measuring swaying and surging information of a ship based on an optical fiber gyroscope inertial measurement system. An optical fiber strap down inertial measurement system for the ship is installed at a central position of the ship to measure the swaying and surging movements of the ship. Total displacement information is processed by using the traditional inertial measurement system and a digital filtering technology and the information of the swaying and surging translational movements is provided. The technology of the invention has the following advantages of: providing the swaying and surging information of the ship in real time combined with the digital filtering technology by using outputs of the gyroscope and an accelerometer on the optical fiber gyroscope inertial measurement system mounted on the traditional ship without increasing a new sensor under the condition of no external reference information, increasing the function of the original inertial measurement system and synchronously enhancing the measurement precision of navigation parameters of the system.