The invention discloses a device for performing incremental launching construction on a bridge by using multi-roller sliding ways and a construction method thereof. The device comprises a drawing part and a sliding part, wherein the drawing part comprises jack reaction supports, centre hole jacks, steel stranded wires, fixed end clampers, steel box girder reaction seats and an oil pump; the jack reaction supports are fixed on two sides at a predetermined position of a steel box girder of a structural pier; the centre hole jacks are arranged on the jack reaction supports; one end of each steel stranded wire is fixed with corresponding centre hole jack, while the other end is fixed on the corresponding steel box girder reaction seat through the corresponding fixed end clamper; and the sliding part comprises the multi-roller sliding ways fixed on the structural pier and a temporary pier in pairs, and further comprises a railway foundation and a steel guide way which are paved on a platform foundation, and a girder-transporting track run on the steel guide way. The device utilizes the mechanical characteristics of a roller structure so as to reduce requirements on the longitudinal rigidity of the temporary pier, satisfying needs on the climbing of vertical curves in the incremental launching process and greatly accelerating the incremental launching construction process.