The invention discloses a multi-user network coding communication method with a high speed parallel encoding and decoding structure, which comprises the following steps: in a wireless relay network, multiple accessed user information is integrally interweaved by a relay node, serial/parallel conversion is carried out on the interweaved sequence, multiple groups of converted parallel data are input to a high speed parallel encoder to be encoded, and finally encoded data is broadcasted, thus realizing network encoding. A base station carries out teration decoding by means of a combined network-channel decoder according to original data broadcasted by users and data obtained by network encoding and channel encoding and forwarded by the relay node to obtain the original information of the users. The decoder of the base station comprises two parallel decoder groups, i.e. a user decoder group and a relay decoder group; iteration decoding is realized through transmitting soft information between two parallel decoder groups, thus not only recovering the original information of all accessed users but also improving decoding reliability and reducing decoding time delay. By adopting the method, the relay uplink transmission efficiency and the quality of transmission signal are improved.