The invention relates to a working motion guide device of a plant row drilling machine. The guide device is positioned on the front part of a machine body, and transverse motion sowing is realized on the front part of the machine body; the guide device comprises a transverse guide fixing device fixedly arranged on the machine body and a sowing work frame capable of running along the guide fixing device, wherein the upper part of the sowing work frame is provided with a sowing device, the lower part of the sowing work frame is provided with a ditching and earth covering device, and the middle part of the sowing work frame is provided with a transverse motion mechanism; the guide fixing device comprises a transverse running track and a transmission fixing guide device, wherein a transmission chain is fixedly arranged on the transmission fixing guide device; and the sowing work frame is provided with a track rolling guide wheel which slides along the transmission fixing guide device, thetransverse motion mechanism comprises a motor and a transmission chain wheel in transmission with the motor through the transmission mechanism, and the transmission chain wheel is in transmission with the transmission chain to drive the sowing work frame to do transverse reciprocating motion on the guide fixing device. The guide device has the characteristics of steady work, accurate sowing and little influence of the unit and soil.