The invention relates to a membrane-type centrifugal rotating shaft bioreactor under a microgravity environment, and belongs to the field of biological equipment manufacturing engineering. The bioreactor comprises a reactor shell, a baffle plate, an oxygen supply assembly, a membrane-type centrifugal rotating shaft and a parameter measurement device; the baffle plate is welded on the inner wall of the reactor shell and provided with a support hole and supports and fixes the oxygen supply assembly, and the oxygen supply assembly is annularly wound on the support hole of the baffle plate; and the top of the membrane-type centrifugal rotating shaft is fixedly connected at the top of the reactor shell, the bottom of the membrane-type centrifugal rotating shaft is positioned above the bottom of the reactor shell, the parameter measurement device is arranged on the upper part of the reactor shell and fixedly connected with the reactor shell, and the included angle between the parameter measurement device and the reactor shell is 30 to 60 degrees. The reactor is suitable for efficient supply of oxygen in a culture system, uniform gas-liquid mass transfer, efficient culture of microbial cells and quick and efficient separation and discharge of carbon dioxide exhaust under the microgravity environment.