The invention discloses a decomposition device of a single coal-material burner, which is implemented by using pulverized coals left after lump coals are selected by coal mine enterprises as raw materials through the steps of feeding the pulverized coals into a special separation device from a feed inlet; absorbing heat produced in the separation device massively by the pulverized coals, and then continuously separating relatively pure gases, coal tar and high-heat value coals; feeding the separated relatively pure gases, coal tar and high-heat value coals into a collecting device to carry out dust removal, separation, pressurized liquefaction and storage; and collecting and storing the high-heat value coals discharged from a discharge outlet so as to rapidly and efficiently decompose and separate coal materials. The invention has the advantages of fully saving and using the energy resources, greatly enhancing the utilization rate and use level of coal resources, and bringing huge economic benefits and social benefits for the whole society.