The invention relates to an extraction method of effective ingredients of peppers, in particular relating to an efficient extraction and separation technology for effective ingredients of peppers, comprising the following steps: (1) pulverization: pulverizing pepper raw materials at the temperature of 0-5 DEG C; (2) extraction and separation of the aroma ingredient of the peppers: adding pepper powder into an extraction kettle, and carrying out variable frequency ultrasonic extraction; causing mixed gas to successively enter an analytical kettle 1 and an analytical kettle 2 to collect the aroma ingredient of the peppers; and (3) extraction and separation of the spicy ingredient of the peppers: lowering the pressure of the extraction kettle to be less than or equal to 7.3MPa, then slowly raising the extraction pressure to 25-30MPa, maintaining ultrasonic frequency of 10-50khz, power of 1200w, the pressure of the analytical kettle 1 of 6-8MPa, and the pressure of the analytical kettle 2 of 4-6MPa; and collecting the numb-taste components of the peppers. The extraction method has the advantages that the process is simple, no organic solvent is adopted, and a pure physics method is adopted for extraction, and the obtained product is high in yield and high in unit content.