The invention relates to an air-cooled electromagnetic heating device for plastic extrusion equipment. The device comprises a thermal insulation layer, an electromagnetic induction coil and a temperature measuring element, wherein the thermal insulation layer is sectionally wound around a charging barrel, the electromagnetic induction coil is wound around the thermal insulation layer, and the temperature measuring element is exposed on the charging barrel; in addition, the air-cooled electromagnetic heating device also comprises a cooling system and a controller, wherein the cooling system is used for cooling the charging barrel, one end of the controller is connected with a screw motor status test element and the temperature measuring element, and the other end of the controller is connected with the thermal insulation layer and the cooling system. Detection signals of the screw motor status test element and the temperature measuring element are fed back to the controller so as to control the operations of the cooling system and the electromagnetic induction coil. The air-cooled electromagnetic heating device disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the precise control on temperature and the maximum utilization of shearing heats in plastic processing are realized; and compared with traditional resistance heating, more than 90% of power is saved; and compared with the existing electromagnetic heating device, and 50% of power is saved.