The invention relates to a steel framework concrete structural system and a construction method thereof. The steel framework concrete structural system comprises a house steel framework and cast-in-situ concrete which completely warps the house steel framework, wherein the house steel framework comprises a floor slab steel framework, a roof plate steel framework and a wall plate steel framework, the cast-in-situ concrete is ordinary concrete, the house steel framework is a heavy-steel framework, or the cast-in-situ concrete is lightweight concrete, the house steel framework is a light steel framework, each of the floor slab steel framework and the roof plate steel framework comprises a transverse steel frame and upper-lower side skin materials which are fixedly connected on the upper side and the lower side of the transverse steel frame, and the wall plate steel framework comprises a vertical steel frame and left-right side skin materials which are fixedly connected on the left side and the right side of the vertical steel frame. The structural system has the characteristics of low carbon, environment-friendly property, low on-site labor employment, fast construction speed and low integrated cost, and can be widely applied to general civil buildings, particularly to residential buildings, and enable residents to feel safer and more comfortable.