The invention relates to a device and method for directly testing the bonding performance of concrete and a reinforcing steel bar under the action of reciprocating load, belonging to the technical field of concrete buildings. The device comprises an outer frame, a loading device and a data collecting device, wherein the loading device is arranged in the outer frame and connected with the data collecting device. The device is easy to assemble and convenient to use, adopts a little instrument to test, can be used repeatedly and can be used for measuring on the pouring site without using a special tension tester. A test piece is fixed on a support by using a counterforce steel plate and a high-strength bolt, thus the device is detachable and is easy to transport. By adopting an actuator to apply force and pressure, the force and the displacement can be controlled accurately.