The invention relates to a device for installing and detaching support shoes of jacks of shield tunneling machines and a method for installing and detaching the support shoes. The device comprises a support mechanism and a hoisting head, the support mechanism consists of a Y-shaped support framework, small shoe jacking support blocks, a large shoe jacking support block, a support shoe connecting plate and a mounting tube, a rectangular support longitudinal beam and a trapezoidal support crossbeam are abutted to form the Y-shaped support frame, the small shoe jacking support blocks are arranged at two ends of the upper surface of the trapezoidal support crossbeam, the large shoe jacking support block is arranged on the upper surface of the rectangular support longitudinal beam, the supportshoe connecting plate is arranged on the other end surface of the rectangular support longitudinal beam, a connecting hole is disposed on the support shoe connecting plate, the mounting tube is embedded at a joint of the trapezoidal support crossbeam and the rectangular support longitudinal beam, a big-end-up stepped cylindrical hole is arranged in the mounting tube, and the hoisting head is inserted into the stepped cylindrical hole and fixed by a bolt A. The device and the method have the advantages that installation efficiency and detachment efficiency of the support shoes can be greatly improved, safety performance is high, and the device and the method can be widely applied to installation and detachment of the support shoes of the shield tunneling machines.