The invention provides an anodization method for improving the protection performance of aluminum and aluminum alloy. Adopted anodization solution is prepared through proportionally mixing water and at least one kind of inorganic salt of sulfuric acid, sodium borate, malic acid and cerium, a voltage control mode is adopted for the anodization, and the aluminum or the aluminum alloy materials are subjected to anodization treatment. Anodization film layers prepared by adopting the method provided by the invention have the advantages that the corrosion resistance is good, the combination performance with organic paint films is excellent, and the influence on the substrate fatigue performance is low. The anodization method has the characteristics that the process is simple, the performance is stable, the film forming efficiency is high, and the environment pollution is low. The anodization method can be used for replacing the traditional chromic acid anodization and sulfuric acid anodization technology and can be applied to the surface protection of aluminum and aluminum alloy materials in all industries such as aviation and the like.