The invention provides a large-sized filling bag embanking method and equipment for filling an embankment by using dredged soil. The method comprises the following steps: (1) designing the depths and the distances of soft soil foundation plastic water drainage plates under the embankment, finishing the construction of the water drainage plates, and mounting monitoring facilities in the soft soil foundation; (2) finishing one layer construction of a sand quilt layer and a soft soil row; (3) processing large-sized filling bags for future use for by using polyester woven fabric; (4) mounting dredged soil filling equipment; (5) mounting an evacuating device; (6) laying an evacuating water drainage pipe network; (7) laying the filling bags and carrying out filling construction; (8) mounting an embankment surface sealing system; (9) opening an evacuating system to accelerate drainage consolidation of a dredged soil filling body and simultaneously developing relevant monitoring and detecting works; and (10) finishing an open sea side protective surface structure and an inland sea side protective slope structure in time by using the full embankment body rising process so as to reinforce the protection of the embankment body. The equipment used by the method provided by the invention is filling equipment for the dredger fill filling bags. According to the invention, the embankment building cost is reduced, the environment is protected, the stability of the embankment is guaranteed, and the clay particle content of the filling body is 10%.