The invention belongs to a coal mine safety monitoring device, and particularly relates to a real-time microseismic monitoring system and monitoring method for coal mines. An industrial Ethernet ring network (11) is connected with a ground switchboard (4) above the ground and an underground switchboard (4-1), the ground switchboard (4) is respectively connected with a timing system (2), a central control machine (1) and a parameter database (10), the underground switchboard (4-1) is connected with four underground monitoring hosts (3), each underground monitoring host (3) is connected with four terminal boxes (5) by signal lines (8), one of the terminal boxes (5) is connected with an underground power supply (7) by using a sensor supply line (9), and each terminal box (5) is connected with an acceleration sensor (6). By using the real-time microseismic monitoring system and monitoring method for coal mines, disclosed by the invention, the intelligent identification and extraction of microseismic signals of coal mines can be realized, and a terminal device can implement remote control, therefore, the system and method disclosed by the invention have the characteristics of flexibility, reliability, good monitoring effect and small investment.