The invention relates to the field of real-time data acquisition and storage, in particular to a file management method of a real-time data acquisition and storage system, which solves the problems in file management in the existing environment without an operating system. Through the invention, effective file management is realized in the environment without an operating system through data storage, acquisition of historical data and acquisition of real-time data; and primarily, the environmental parameters are acquired and recorded for a long time to provide data to a fault diagnosis system, and the fault diagnosis system finishes the functions of real-time detection of parameters, early warning, fault diagnosis and the like together with a fault diagnosis computer. The file management method of a real-time data acquisition and storage system, provided by the invention, is mainly applied to the real-time monitoring and recording of the related parameters in the product development and using processes, brings convenience to the examination of the change rules of the parameters, and provides powerful data support for the product design and improvement.