The invention discloses a metering data transmission system based on identity encryption, which comprises a host station, a metering terminal and an intelligent electric energy meter, wherein the intelligent electric energy meter encrypts metering data by adopting a working key and sends the metering data to the metering terminal; the metering terminal performs decryption by adopting the working key of the intelligent electric energy meter, then encrypts the metering data to form a ciphertext by using a public key of the metering terminal, generates a signature for the ciphertext, and sends the metering data and ciphertext information to the host station together; the host station verifies the signature by using the public key of the metering terminal, a private key of the metering terminal is generated after the signature is authenticated, and decryption for ciphertext information is performed so as to obtain an information plaintext; the host station generates a control command according to data processing results and encrypts the control command by adopting system sharing parameters and the public key of the metering terminal so as to generate the ciphertext, the ciphertext is sent to the metering terminal after the signature is generated, the metering terminal verifies the signature and the signature is authenticated, and the control command aiming at the intelligent electric energy meter is generated after the private key is adopted to decode the ciphertext and the control command is read; and in addition, the control command aiming at the intelligent electric energy meter is encrypted through the working key of the intelligent electric energy meter and then is sent to the intelligent electric energy meter. The metering data transmission system improves the security for data transmission, and reduces the calculating load of the host station.