The invention discloses a concrete rapid construction system for a large-scale large hydropower station underground workshop. The system comprises a main workshop, a volute, a bus hole and a main transformer chamber, and is characterized in the a collection hopper is arranged in the bus hole and is connected with a fixed belt machine; the fixed belt machine is connected with a charging belt machine; the charging belt machine is connected with a cloth belt machine; a joint of the charging belt machine and the cloth belt machine is supported by a main body rack which is connected to a concrete base by an embedded bolt; the main body rack is placed on the volute part which is arranged on the lower part of the main workshop; the cloth belt machine is supported by a truss of a trestle belt machine; and the main body rack which is arranged on the lower part of the truss of the trestle belt machine is connected with a rotary disc. By the concrete rapid construction system, the concrete construction quality is improved, the construction progress is quickened, and the economic benefit is improved.