The invention discloses a sandstorm preventing and dust eliminating single-axis photovoltaic tracking power generation system structure. A first fixed bracket and a second fixed bracket are respectively connected with two ends of a rotating shaft, the back of a photovoltaic assembly is fixed on the rotating shaft, and the photovoltaic assembly can carry out 0 to 360-degree bidirectional rotation together with the rotating shaft under drive of a motor; the motor, a control module, a first pressure sensor and a second pressure sensor are arranged on the second fixed bracket; the angle between the first pressure sensor and the rotating shaft is alpha degrees, and the angle between the second pressure sensor and the rotating shaft is (180-alpha) degrees; and a weather observation instrument is arranged on one side of the first fixed bracket and used for monitoring signals of wind direction, wind speed, rainfall and light intensity and transmitting the monitored signals to the control module. Through the structure, the surface cleanliness of the assembly is improved, the hot spot effect is reduced, the ray incidence rate of the surface of the assembly is kept, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved, dust on the surface of the photovoltaic assembly can be effectively cleaned, and the manpower cost is reduced.