The invention discloses a method for testing and identifying dynamic characteristic coefficients of a sliding bearing. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) fixing a bearing to be identified on a test bed; (2) arranging a key phase mark which serves as a reference for subsequent rotational speed analysis and key-phase synchronous acquisition analysis on a shaft segment of a rotation shaft, wherein the shaft segment of the rotation shaft is the part, which is positioned between the bearing and a power input end of a rotation shaft, of the rotation shaft; (3) applying unbalanced force which serves exciting force to the shaft segment of the rotation shaft; (4) raising the speed of the rotation shaft up to the test speed, and respectively measuring a dynamic strain signal of the shaft segment of the rotation shaft and the vibration displacement of the rotation shaft relative to the bearing; (5) computing the dynamic load which is born by the bearing according to the dynamic strain signal of the shaft segment of the rotation shaft; (6) substituting the dynamic load of the bearing and the vibration displacement of the rotation shaft into a computational formula corresponding to the lubrication theory of the bearing to obtain two sets of solving equations; (7) changing the unbalanced force to obtain another two sets of solving equations; and (8) solving the four sets of solving equations to obtain the dynamic characteristic coefficients of the bearing. By the method, large-sized bearings can be tested, large-sized equipment such as a vibration exciter is not required, and the identification result is accurate.