The invention discloses an electronic system used for a long distance distributed optical fiber temperature measurement system and an implementation method thereof. The electronic system comprises a first signal conditioning and analog-to-digital conversion module, a second signal conditioning and analog-to-digital converter module, a synchronization signal generator, an FPGA (Field Programmable Gata Array) and an industrial computer. The electronic system is characterized in that the first signal conditioning and analog-to-digital conversion module, the second signal conditioning and analog-to-digital converter module and the synchronization signal generator are jointly connected with the common FPGA and the FPGA is connected with the industrial computer. The electronic system and the implementation method has the advantages that schemes of segmented amplification, segmented acquisition and curve synthesis are used according to the fact that signals of the back end of the long distance distributed optical fiber temperature measurement system are weak to effectively solve the problem of insufficient system dynamic range.