The invention discloses a single station earthquake P wave detection warning device and relates to seismological observation technology. The single station earthquake P wave detection warning device comprises a data acquisition module, a data analysis and logging module and a communication and alarm module, wherein the data acquisition module, the data analysis and logging module and the communication and alarm module are connected in sequence. The data acquisition module is composed of three-axial force balance acceleration sensor and an external connection acceleration sensor interface. The data analysis and logging module is composed of a analog-digital (AD) convertor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an advanced RISC machine (ARM) and system thereof, a global position system (GPRS) module, a P wave early warning algorithm, a real-time clock and a secure digital (SD) card storage. The communication and alarm module is composed of a computer, an alarm box and a P wave early warning instrument application software. The single station earthquake P wave detection warning device has the functions of acquisition, storage, analysis and alarm. Earthquake monitoring and earthquake P wave early warning are achieved only a single device is needed. The single station earthquake P wave detection warning device has the advantages of being small in size, light, easy to carry, convenient to install, low in cost and suitable for network layout of an earthquake early warning project and a national earthquake early warning science research project for a key project.