The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of heat-insulating materials, in particular to a spraying preparation method of a high-temperature heat-insulating material. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: firstly, performing sand blowing, and cleaning a carbon fiber-based heat-insulating material to obtain a rough surface; secondly, performing ball-milling treatment on a tungsten powder raw material; thirdly, spraying the milled tungsten powder on the rough surface of the carbon fiber-based heat-insulating material through plasma spraying to obtain a tungsten coating on the surface; and finally, thermally treating the carbon fiber-based heat-insulating material with the tungsten coating to obtain the carbon fiber-based high-temperature heat-insulating material with the tungsten coating. The preparation method has the significant advantages as follows: the rough surface is obtained through surface roughening, so that the tungsten powder can be sprayed easily; plasma spraying is high in speed, high in efficiency and good in effect; and the tungsten coating on the surface of the obtained carbon fiber-based high-temperature heat-insulating material has a relatively strong capability of reflecting heat radiation at a high temperature, and tungsten is relatively hard, so that the problem that the surface of the carbon fiber-based heat-insulating material is erodible can be effectively solved.