The invention provides a data acquisition and transmission synchronization method for a grinding machine processing environment monitoring system and belongs to the technical field of precision grinding processing. The precision grinding machine processing environment monitoring system is provided with a mother board circuit board, a power supply circuit board, a video acquisition and wireless communication circuit board, a sensor signal acquisition circuit board and a subsystem multi-functional interface circuit board. The method includes: 1) a sampling period T of the video acquisition and wireless communication circuit board of the monitoring system is used as a hardware synchronous signal of the monitoring system, a time value corresponding to a kth sampling moment of the video acquisition and wireless communication circuit board is tk, data acquisition modes of each circuit board of the monitoring system are set into equidistant acquisition, a hardware timer is installed on the mother board circuit board and used for detecting time difference delta tk between the data acquisition moment of each circuit board and the synchronous signal; 2) data change rate at the (tk-delta tk) moment is worked out; and 3) a data acquisition value at the synchronous signal moment of the monitoring system is worked out.