The invention discloses a method for carrying out thermal treatment on household garbage by using a brick kiln. The method provided by the invention comprises the five steps of: primarily sorting, cleaning and dehydrating, primarily baking, drying and classifying-recovering, wherein a heat source for primary baking is derived from hot air at the top of a tunnel type brick baking chamber; and a heat source for the drying is derived from high-temperature air in a cooling channel of the brick kiln. The invention further discloses a garbage treatment system based on waste heat of the brick kiln; and the garbage treatment system comprises an eluting water device, a primary baking device, a drying device, a splitting device, a cycloid machine and a negative-pressure chamber, wherein the negative-pressure chamber is provided with an air blower and is connected with a chimney. The method provided by the invention uses the structure of the brick kiln and the garbage treatment system in a combined manner, and uses waste heat of the brick kiln in the garbage treatment process, so that energy and resources can be saved; and the garbage pollution is reduced, and the working condition of staff can be improved.