The invention discloses an inorganic layered compound modified emulsified bitumen and a preparation method thereof. The modified emulsified bitumen comprises, by mass, 20 to 80 parts of base asphalt and 20 to 80 parts of an exfoliation-state hydrotalcite colloidal solution, wherein the exfoliation-state hydrotalcite colloidal solution is prepared by mixing and stirring lactate intercalated hydrotalcite and a proper amount of water. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving an emulsifier in the exfoliation-state hydrotalcite colloidal solution to prepare a mixed solution; adjusting the pH value of the mixed solution to be 5 to 6; and simultaneously adding the mixed solution and base asphalt into a colloid mill for rapid mixing so as to obtain the inorganic layered compound modified emulsified bitumen. The inorganic layered compound modified emulsified bitumen provided by the invention has the advantages of excellent wear resistance, strength and ageing resistance, a green and environment-friendly additive, low cost and simple preparation and has wide application prospects in constructional engineering like paving and maintenance of a road, waterproofness of a building and seepage-proofness of hydraulic engineering.