Provided are a detection method and equipment based on a solar single-band photon flux density model. According to detection time and a geographic position, a real-time solar altitude is calculated. Total light intensity of visible light and light intensity of a specific band at different moments in different dates in a natural year are continuously measured. Then the rule that the proportion of the visible light in the specific band changes along with the solar altitude is fitted, the solar single-band photon flux density model is built based on variables including time, latitude, a band and the total light intensity of the visible light, and a specific single-band photon flux density is calculated based on the model, current time, latitude and the total intensity of the visible light. The invention further provides corresponding detection equipment which can detect the specific band photon flux density in real time and achieves data storage analysis. According to absorbing characteristics of different crops for spectra, the detection method and the equipment can confirm ranges of a detected band, is strong in pertinence, precise in detection information, and good in expansibility.