The invention discloses a public key infrastructure (PKI)-based radio frequency identification (RFID) anti-counterfeiting system. The PKI-based RFID anti-counterfeiting system comprises anti-counterfeiting information encryption equipment, an RFID electronic tag attached to an article or a certificate, an anti-counterfeiting verification terminal and a PKI certification decryption platform. The anti-counterfeiting information encryption equipment consists of an encryption unit, a product information input unit, a master control unit and an RFID electronic tag read-write unit; product information is encrypted and signed by using a private key, and written into the RFID electronic tag; the anti-counterfeiting verification terminal reads encrypted information stored in the RFID electronic tag and forwards the encrypted information to the PKI certification decryption platform; the PKI certification decryption platform decrypts the encrypted information, or a factory public key is downloaded from the PKI certification decryption platform and used for decrypting the encrypted information; the PKI certification platform comprises a public key management module and a cipher text decryption module; and anti-counterfeiting information data stored in the RFID electronic tag are decrypted by using the factory public key. The PKI-based RFID anti-counterfeiting system can be used for solving the problems of establishment of a product comparison database in the conventional anti-counterfeiting system, complexity in use, cracking and the like.