The invention discloses a data collection and control system for a target tracking segmented power supply street lamp. The data collection and control system comprises an LCD (liquid crystal display) interface, a serial printer interface, a keyboard interface, a microprocessor, an external storage module, an internal storage module, a clock synchronization module, a GPRS (general packet radio service) module, a wireless ratio frequency communication module or an electric carrier communication module, wherein the LCD interface and the serial printer interface are connected with the microprocessor through a serial port expansion module, the wireless radio communication module or the electric carrier communication module is connected with the target tracking segmented power supply street lamp system, the GPRS module is connected with a remote street lamp management center, and the system adopts the real-time management data structure and the roll polling algorithm for realizing the state roll polling. The system can automatically collect the real-time data of the street lamp system, and can realize the automatic statistics analysis, high-speed large-volume storage and street lamp control, the real-time work state can be mastered in real time, and the operation fault can be found. The street lamps are organized and managed in different segments, the data collection and control system adapts to the duplex requirements of traffic management, energy saving and environment protection, and the management efficiency of an illumination system is improved.