The invention belongs to the powder metallurgy technology and relates to a powder extracting device and a powder extracting method for extracting high-temperature alloy powder from a vacuum sealed powder storage tank. The powder extracting device consists of a reducing sleeve (2), a second vacuum valve (3), a powder extractor (4), two third vacuum valves (5) and an inner barrel (6). The powder extracting method comprises the following steps of: carrying out vacuum-pumping; inflating argon gas; turning over; and extracting powder. According to the powder extracting device and the powder extracting method for the high-temperature alloy powder disclosed by the invention, the high-temperature alloy powder is prevented from being polluted due to the contact with atmosphere, the test precision of the high-temperature alloy powder is improved, the storage period of the high-temperature alloy powder is prolonged, and the performances of the high-purity powder turbine disc are ensured.