The invention discloses a novel composite material for a self-rescuer shell. The novel composite material consists of the following components in parts by mass: 40-60 parts of resin, 10-30 parts of glass fiber, 1-2 parts of coupling agent, 2-10 parts of octamethyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, 1-5 parts of film forming agent, 10-20 parts of plasticizer, 2-5 parts of stabilizer, 1-2 parts of antioxygen, and 10-30 parts of filler. A preparation method of the novel composite material comprises the following steps of: (1) carrying out surface treatment on the glass fiber; (2) uniformly mixing the resin, the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the antioxygen and the filler at a high speed to obtain a plastic mixed master batch; (3) mixing the mixed master batch, the glass fiber after the surface treatment and the octamethyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane to stir at a low speed, and adding the mixture in a double-screw extruder to carry out melt blending and pelletizing; and (4) carrying out injection molding on the produced particles in an injection molding machine to prepare the self-rescuer shell. According to the novel composite material and the preparation method of the novel composite material, disclosed by the invention, the mechanical property, the fire resistance and the thermal stability of the shell material are reinforced, and meanwhile, the environment friendliness is provided.