The invention relates to a measuring device and a measuring method of symmetry degrees of water through shaft through holes. The measuring device comprises a connecting block, a locating shaft and a measuring shaft, wherein the locating shaft and the measuring shaft are fixed on the connecting block side by side. The locating shaft is used for penetrating a through hole of a water through shaft to locate the water through shaft. A gap with the size which is not more than 2 mm is arranged between the measuring shaft and the water through shaft, wherein the water through shaft is installed on the locating shaft. According to the measuring method, a feeler gauge is used for measuring the gap between the water through shaft and the measuring shaft to indirectly measure the symmetry degrees of the water through shaft through holes. The measuring device and the measuring method of symmetry degrees of the water through shaft through holes are simple in structure, low in cost, high in efficiency, high in practical applicability and economical efficiency. The measuring device and the measuring method of symmetry degrees of the water through shaft through holes are suitable for measurement of the symmetry degrees of any shafts and the through holes and can be widely applied in the field of metallurgical machinery manufacturing.