The invention provides a sulfate treatment system with in-situ utilization of electricity of a microbial fuel cell and an application method of the sulfate treatment system, and relates to a microbial fuel cell treatment system, solving the problems of the conventional sulfur-containing wastewater microbial fuel cell system that the generated elemental sulfur is attached on an anode plate of the microbial fuel cell, which influences the bioelectrochemistry performance of an anode, and the elemental sulfur is difficultly recovered. The sulfate treatment system comprises a sulfate reduction microbial fuel cell system, a cell boosting module system and an electrochemical sulfur oxidation system, wherein the microbial fuel cell system generates electric energy, the electric energy is transmitted to the cell boosting module system to be stored and converted, and the electric energy stored in a boosting module is utilized to drive the electrochemical sulfur oxidation system to convert S<2-> into elemental sulfur. The sulfate treatment system has the advantages of being low in operation cost and convenient in operation condition, and the elemental sulfur resources can be efficiently recovered; and the sulfate treatment system is a treatment process integrating sewage treatment and energy and resource recycling, and has a wide application prospect.