The invention discloses a system and process for the gas-solid separation and heat exchange of an alkene product prepared from an organic oxygen-containing compound. The system sequentially comprises at least one whirlwind gas-solid separator, at least one heat exchanger, at least one filter, at least one quench tower and at least one water scrubbing tower, wherein the whirlwind gas-solid separators are used for separating fine catalyst particles and/or fine catalyst powder from a product gas; and the filters are used for further separating the fine catalyst particles and/or the fine catalyst powder from the product gas. The system and process which are disclosed by the invention can prevent the bottoms of the quench towers, the trays of the water scrubbing towers and various heat exchangers from being blocked because a large quantity of fine catalyst particles and/or fine catalyst powder contained in the product gas enter the quench towers and the water scrubbing towers and prevent the abnormal device operation caused due to the blockage, thereby reducing the cost and labor intensity of equipment cleaning operation.