The invention provides a compact natural gas desulfurization device and desulfurization process applicable to a production platform. A buffering pretreatment process and a rich solution degasification process are organically combined and finished together; sedimentation reaction and a chemical regeneration process are organically combined and finished together; and meanwhile, chemical regeneration is designed into a two-stage regeneration process combining a first-stage spiral-flow aeration process and a second-stage regeneration process after sulfur sedimentation, wherein micro spiral-flow sedimentation is used in the sulfur sedimentation stage. Thus, the sedimentation rate is increased, the requirements for the volume of a sedimentation area are effectively reduced, the volume of equipment is reduced, the process flow is shortened, and the desulfurization efficiency is improved. The invention is suitable for popularization and use on marine platforms.