The invention discloses a transmission chain abrasion testing machine. The transmission chain abrasion testing machine comprises a machine frame, a power module, an abrasion module and a measuring module, wherein the power module is fixedly arranged on the machine frame; the abrasion module comprises a driving shaft, a driving chain wheel, a driven wheel, a driven wheel frame, a test driving chain and a loading device; the output shaft of the power module is coupled with the driving shaft; the driving chain wheel is arranged on the driving shaft; a transmission chain to be tested is arranged on the driving chain wheel and the driven wheel; one end of the loading device is connected with the machine frame; the other end of the loading device is connected with the driven wheel frame; a fixed measuring base point is fixedly arranged on the machine frame; a floating measuring base point is fixedly arranged on the driven wheel frame and floats with the driven wheel frame; the floating measuring base point and a floating direction limit component are fixedly connected; a floating direction limit component fixing shaft is fixedly arranged on the machine frame; and the floating direction limit component is arranged on the floating direction limit component fixing shaft and can only move up and down on the floating direction limit component fixing shaft. Acceleration abrasion tests on different transmission chains can be performed under the working condition of different loads and different surfaces.