The invention relates to a distribution type optical fiber monitoring method for monitoring cables of a power distribution network and belongs to the technical field of optoelectronic measurement. Optical fibers are paved along the cables of the power distribution network, the optical fibers along the cables of the power distribution network are monitored through the Raman scattering technology and the Brillouin scattering technology at the same time, the temperature and the strain of the cables are reflected through the temperature and the strain of the optical fibers along the cables of the power distribution network, therefore, the temperature and the strain of the cables of the power distribution network are obtained, and early warning of potential safety hazards and positioning of failure points are conducted. The failure points of the cables of the power distribution network are positioned through the Brillouin scattering technology or the Raman scattering technology. Sensibility of Brillouin scattering towards the strain and the temperature and sensibility of Raman scattering towards the temperature are adopted to achieve real-time on-line monitoring for the temperature and the strain of the cables of the power distribution network. The positioning function of the Brillouin scattering or the positioning function of the Raman scattering is used for positioning the failure points of the cables of the power distribution network.