The invention discloses a route prefix storing, matching and updating method and device based on names. The device comprises a Bloom filter unit, a Trie unit and a popularity counting unit. The Bloom filter unit stores the front M layers of name prefixes and performs fast prefix matching on request names arriving at a route; the Trie unit is used for storing the rear n layers of the name prefixes and performing fast suffix inquiry on the request names; The popularity counting unit is used for counting popularity of the request names and correspondingly changing storing structures of Bloom filters and Trie. Bloom filter conflict and low-internal-memory feature, quickness of Trie inquiry, parallel inquiry, counting rule of actual name prefixes, and route updating based on popularity counting are used to solve the route addressing problem based on names in a novel network system, and the requirements of low internal memory consumption, fast matching and large throughput of future networks can be satisfied.