The invention relates to a lightning strike positioning and inversion method of a power transmission line and belongs to the technical field of high-voltage experimenting equipment and measuring. The method includes by inquiring data monitored by an online lightning current monitoring system, acquiring waveform parameters of lightning current, striking a pole tower, after being shunted through the pole tower and the power transmission line; by inquiring data monitored by a lightning positioning system, acquiring lightning strike time, lightning strike area, lightning current amplitude and lightning return strike time data; combining a theory relationship table and a theory curve and taking error of the lightning positioning system into consideration to acquire position range of a lightning strike point, and inversing feature parameters of lightning current waveform through simulating calculation. The lightning strike positioning and lightning current inversion method is high in positioning accuracy and beneficial to quick finding and repairing of line lightning strike damage, lightning strike fault finding and repairing time of the power transmission line is saved, real lightning current waveform can be restored, a basis is provided for scientific studying of lightning causes and lightning current features, and data are provided for studying of lightning protection measures and lightning overvoltage protection.